Tropical diseases
Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions. The diseases are less prevalent in temperate climates, due in part to the occurrence of a cold season, which controls the insect population by forcing hibernation. However, many were present in northern Europe and northern America in the 17th and 18th centuries before modern understanding of disease causation. The initial impetus for tropical medicine was to protect the health of colonialists, notably in India under the British Raj. Insects such as mosquitoes and flies are by far the most common disease carrier, or vector. These insects may carry a parasite, bacterium or virus that is infectious to humans and animals. Most often disease is transmitted by an insect "bite", which causes transmission of the infectious agent through subcutaneous blood exchange. Vaccines are not available for most of the diseases listed here, and many do not have cures.
Human exploration of tropical rain forests, deforestation, rising immigration and increased international air travel and other tourism to tropical regions has led to an increased incidence of such diseases
Tropical medicine (not to confuse with International medicine) is the branch of medicine that deals with health problems that occur uniquely, are more widespread, or prove more difficult to control in tropical and subtropical regions.
Many infections and infestations that are classified as "tropical diseases" used to be endemic in countries located in the tropics. This includes widespread epidemics such as malaria, Ebola and hookworm infections as well as exceedingly rare diseases like lagochilascaris minor. Many of these diseases have been controlled or even eliminated from developed countries, as a result of improvements in housing, diet, sanitation, and personal hygiene.
Sir Patrick Manson is recognised as the "Father of Tropical Medicine." He founded the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine in 1899.
Main vectors and diseases they transmit
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, which ingest disease-producing microorganisms during a blood meal from an infected host (human or animal) and later inject it into a new host during their subsequent blood meal.
Mosquitoes are the best known disease vector. Others include ticks, flies, sandflies, fleas, triatomine bugs and some freshwater aquatic snails.
Mosquitoes
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Aedes
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Chikungunya
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Dengue fever
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Rift Valley fever
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Yellow fever
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Zika
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Anopheles
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Malaria
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Culex
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Japanese encephalitis
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Lymphatic filariasis
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West Nile fever
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Sandflies
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Leishmaniasis
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Sandfly fever (phelebotomus fever)
Ticks
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Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
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Lyme disease
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Relapsing fever (borreliosis)
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Rickettsial diseases (spotted fever and Q fever)
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Tick-borne encephalitis
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Tularaemia
Triatomine bugs
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Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)
Tsetse flies
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Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)
Fleas
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Plague (transmitted by fleas from rats to humans)
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Rickettsiosis
Black flies
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Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
Aquatic snails
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Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis)